Validity and Reliability Measurement of the Cognitive-motor Functions Test in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of motor behavior, Faculty of sport sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

2 Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

3 Department of Psychology and Education of Children with Special Needs, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.

Abstract

Propose:
For the measurement of symptoms of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, questionnaires and neuropsychology scales are being used. This study aimed to investigate the validity and reliability measurement of the cognitive-motor functions test in ADHD.
Methods:
A number of 36 children were selected (age range: 6-12 years, mean age 9.12±2.38 years old) with lack in comorbid who referred to Counseling and Psychological Clinical Shenakht Center of Isfahan city. All children were asked to fill the parent and teacher Conner’s questionnaires and recorded cognitive-motor functions measurement tests. Correlations between parent, teacher Conner’s subscales and cognitive-motor functions test were investigated.
Results:
The results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there is a significant relation between commission error in cognitive-motor functions test and hyperactivity subscales in Conner’s parent (r=0.93, p<0.01) and teacher (r=0.91, p<0.01) questionnaire. The relationship between omission error with inattention subscales of Conner’s parent (r=0.83, p<0.01) and teacher (r=0.90, P<0.01) questionnaire were also significant. Also there are significant correlations between reaction time and opposition subscale (impulsivity) of Conner’s parent (r=0.92, p<0.01) and teacher (r=0.82, p<0.01) questionnaire.
Conclusion:
The current study showed strong correlation between Conner’s questionnaires scales and cognitive-motor functions test in ADHD. So, this tool was used for diagnostic of this disorder parallel with the other questionnaires and neuropsychology.

Keywords

Main Subjects


  1. Lopez-Munoz F, Alamo C, Quintero-Gutierrez FJ, Garcıa-Garcıa P. A bibliometric study of international scientific productivity in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder covering the period 1980–2005. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008; 17(6): 381-91.
  2. Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, et al. A. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164(6): 942-8.
  3. Scahill L, Schwab-Stone M. Epidemiology of ADHD in school-age children. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2000; 9(3):541-55.
  4. Willcutt EG. The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Neurotherapeutics 2012; 9(3): 490-9.
  5. Lange KW, Reichl S, Lange KM, Tucha L, et al. The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. ADHD Atten Defic Hyperact Disord 2010; 2(4): 241-55.
  6. American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Arlington: American Psychiatric Pub; 2013:59-66.
  7. World Health Organization (WHO). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992:1-362.
  8. Sonuga-Barke EJ. Causal models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: From common simple deficits to multiple developmental pathways. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57(11): 1231-8.
  9. Rohde LA, Halpern R. Recent advances on attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2004; 80(2): 61-70.
  10. Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, Smoller JW, et al. Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2005; 57(11): 1313-23.
  11. Banerjee TD, Middleton F, Faraone SV. Environmental risk factors for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Acta Paediatr. 2007; 96(9): 1269-74.
  12. Lehn H, Derks EM, Hudziak JJ, Heutink P, et al. Attention problems and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in discordant and concordant monozygotic twins: Evidence of environmental mediators. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007; 46(1): 83-91.
  13. Biederman J, Faraone SV, Taylor A, Sienna M, et al. Diagnostic continuity between child and adolescent ADHD: Findings from a longitudinal clinical sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998; 37(3): 305-13.
  14. Faraone S, Biederman J, Monuteaux MC. Further evidence for the diagnostic continuity between child and adolescent ADHD. J Atten Disord 2002; 6(1):5-13.
  15. Poeta LS, Rosa Neto F. Epidemiological study on symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and behavior disorders in public schools of Florianopolis/SC using the EDAH. Rev Bras de Psiquiatr 2004; 26(3): 150-5.
  16. Goulardins JB, Marques JC, De Oliveira JA. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and motor impairment: A critical review. Percept Mot Skills 2017;124(2):425-40.
  17. Beik M, Nezakatalhoseini M, Abedi A, Badami R. The effect of yoga training on cognitive-motor functions in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Advances in Cognitive Science 2015; 17(2):56-67. [Persian]
  18. Beik M, Nezakatalhoseini M, Abedi A, Badami R. The effect of yoga training on executive functions in children with ADHD. Exceptional Children 2014; 14(2):17-34. [Persian]
  19. Beik M, NezakatAlhosseini M, & Abedi, A. (2018). Effects of Yoga Practice on Motor Functions of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Sport Psychology Studies 24; 83-100. [Persian] Doi: 10.22089/spsyj.2017.4288.1444
  20. Pary R, Lewis S, Matuschka PR, Lippmann S. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an update. South Med J 2002; 95(7):743-50.
  21. Zalsman G, Pumeranz O, Peretz G, et al. Attention patterns in children with attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity. Sci World J 2003; 13(3): 1093-107.
  22. Tehrani Doost M, Radgoodarzi R, Siyasi M, et al. Executive functions deficits in children withattention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Advances in cognitive science 2005; 5(1): 1-9. [Persian]
  23. Conners CK, Sitarenios G, Parker JD, Epstein JN. The revised Conners Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-R). factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity. Journal of abnormal child psychology 1998; 26(4): 257-68.
  24. Shabani M, Yadeghari A. Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in elementary school children in Zanjan, 2004-05. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences & Health Services 2005; 51(13): 48-42.
  25. Klimkeit EI, Mattingley JB, Sheppard DM, Lee P, et al. Motor preparation, motor execution, attention, and executive functions in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Child Neuropsychol 2005; 11(2): 153-73.
  26. Epstein JN, Erkanli A, Conners CK, et al. Relations between Continuous Performance test performance measures and ADHD behaviors. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2003; 31(5): 543-54.
  27. Raggio DJ, Rhodes RL, Whitten JD. Factor analysis of the continuous performance test and parent-teacher reports of attention deficit disorder. Psychol Rep 1999; 85(3 Pt 1): 935-41. 
  28. Najafi M, Mohammadi MR, Alaghband Raad J, Tehrani Doost M, et al. Correlation among Neuropsychological tests and Questionnaires in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Iran J Pediatr 2005; 15(1): 5-12. [Persian]
  29. Salbach H, Huss M, Lehmkuhl U. Impulsiveness in children with hyperkinetic syndrome. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr 2002; 51(6): 466-75.
  30. Naglieri JA, Goldstein S, Delauder BY, et al. Relationships between the WISC-III and the Cognitive Assessment System with Conners' rating scales and continuous performance tests. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005; 20(3): 385-401.
  31. Levy F, Hobbes G. Discrimination of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by the continuous performance test. J Paediatr Child Health 1997; 33 (5): 384-7.