The Effect of a Plyometric Training Program on the Lower Extremity Functional Symmetry of Soccer Players with a History of Lateral Ankle Sprain

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Sport Pathology and Corrective Movements, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Sport Psychology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Purpose:
An ankle sprain produces two-way defects that increase the risk of secondary damage to the non-injured limb. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of plyometric training (PT) on lower extremity functional symmetry of soccer players with a history of lateral ankle sprain.
Methods:
In this semi-experimental study, 20 male soccer players with a history of one and two-grade external ankle sprain were selected by using sampling method. PT were performed for 6 weeks. To evaluate the functional asymmetry between the lower extremities functional tests including single hop test, triple hop test, crossover hop test, 6m hop test and multiple test were used. The lower extremity symmetry index (LSI) formula was used to assess the degree of asymmetry in healthy and injured leg. Paired t-test was used to compare the performance between the lower limbs and compare the average percentage of lower extremity symmetry.
Results:
The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between two legs in the pre-test. A healthy leg had a better performance than the injured leg in single hop test (p=0.011), triple hop test (p=0.017), crossover hop test (p=0.001), 6m hop test (p=0.001), and multiple hop test (p=0.001); while the post-test showed no significant difference between the lower extremities.
The results of paired t-test showed that there was a significant difference between the average of LSI in the pre and post-tests in single hop test (p=0.024), triple hop test (p=0.039), a crossover hop test (p=0.031), 6m hop test (p=0.004) and multiple hop test (p=0.001).
Conclusion:
The results indicated that injured and dominant leg function led to functional asymmetry in two legs, which PT could compensate for this functional asymmetry.

Keywords

References

  1. Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A, Montalvo MA, a-Rabert SM, Kiefer WA, et al. Neuromuscular asymmetries in the lower limbs of elite female youth basketball players and the application of the skillful limb model of comparison. Physical Therapy in Sport 2015; 16(14): 317-323.
  2. Gstöttner M, Neher A, Scholtz A, Millonig M, et al. Balance ability and muscle response of the preferred and nonpreferred leg in soccer players. Motor Control  2009; 13(2): 218-231.
  3. Fousekis K, Τsepis E, Vagenas G. Lower limb strength in professional soccer players: profile, asymmetry, and training age. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2010; 9(3): 364-373.
  4. Jones PA, Bampouras TM. A comparison of isokinetic and functional methods of assessing bilateral strength imbalance. . Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2010; 24(6): 1553-1558.
  5. Schlumberger A, Laube W, Bruhn S, Herbeck B, et al. Muscle imbalances – fact or fiction? Isokinetics and Exercise Science 2006; 14(1): 3-11.
  6. Miyaguchi K, Demura S. Specific factors that influence deciding the takeoff leg during jumping movements. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research/National Strength & Conditioning Association 2010; 24(9): 2516-1522.
  7. Paterno MV, Ford KR, Myer GD, Heyl R. Limb asymmetries in landing and jumping 2 years following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine: Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine 2007; 17(4): 258-262.
  8. Schiltz M, Lehance C, Maquet D, Bury T, et al. Explosive strength imbalances in professional basketball players. Journal of Athletic Training 2009; 44(1): 39-47.
  9. Hickey KC, Quatman CE, Myer GD, Ford KR, et al. Methodological report: dynamic field tests used in an NFL combine setting to identify lower-extremity functional asymmetries. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2009; 23(9): 2500-1506.
  10. Paterno MV, Schmitt LC, Ford KR, Rauh MJ, et al. Biomechanical measures during landing and postural stability predict second anterior cruciate ligament injury after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and return to sport. . The American Journal of Sports Medicine 2010; 38(10): 1968-1978.
  11. Myer GD, Brent JL, Ford KR, Hewett TE. Real-time assessment and neuromuscular training feedback techniques to prevent ACL injury in female athletes. Strength and Conditioning Journal 2011; 33(3): 21-35.
  12. Fousekis K, Tsepis E, Vagenas G. Intrinsic risk factors of noncontact ankle sprains in soccer: a prospective study on 100 professional players. . The American journal of sports medicine 2012; 40(8): 1842-1850.
  13. Doherty C, Bleakley C, Hertel J, Sweeney K, et al. Lower extremity coordination and symmetry patterns during a drop vertical jump task following acute ankle sprain. . Human movement science 2014; 38: 34-46.
  14. Wang HK, Chen CH, Shiang TY, Jan MH, et al. Risk-factor analysis of high school basketball player ankle injuries : a prospective controlled cohort study evaluating postural sway, ankle strength, and flexibility.Arch phys Med Rehabil 2006; 87(6): 821-825.
  15. Wong P, Chamari K, Chaouachi A, Wei Mao D, et al. Difference in plantar pressure between the preferred and nonpreferred feet in four soccer-related movements. Br J Sports Med 2007; 41(2): 84-92.
  16. Barone R, Macaluso F, Traina M, Leonardi V, et al. Soccer players have a better standing balance in nondominant one-legged stance. Open access journal of sports medicine 2011; 2: 1-6.
  17. Sannicandro I, Cofano G, Rosa AR, Piccinno A. Balance Training Exercises Decrease Lower-Limb Strength Asymmetry in Young Tennis Players. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2014; 13(2): 397-402.
  18. Markovic G, Mikulic P. Neuro musculoskeletal and performance adaptations to lower extremity plyometric training. Sports Med. 2010;40(10):859-895.
  19. Ratamess NA. ACSMs foundations of strength training and conditioning: USA Lippincott Publication; 2012: 87-93.
  20. Clark M, Lucett S. National academy of sports medicine. NASM essentials of corrective exercise training: USA Lippincott Publication; 2010: 253-268.
  21. Huang PY, Chen WL, Lin CF, Lee HJ. Lower extremity biomechanics in athletes with ankle instability after a 6-week integrated training program. J Athl Train 2014; 49(2): 163-172.
  22. Chelly MS, Ghenem MA, Abid K, Hermassi S, et al. Effects of in-season short-term plyometric training program on leg power, jump-and sprint performance of soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2010; 24(10): 2670-1676.
  23. Reid  A, Birmingham TB, Stratford PW, Alcock GK, et al. Hop testing provides a reliable and valid outcome measure during rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Physical therapy 2007; 87(3): 337-349.
  24. Rantalainen T, Hoffrén M, Linnamo V, Heinonen A, et al. Three-month bilateral hopping intervention is ineffective in initiating bone biomarker response in healthy elderly men. European journal of applied physiology 2011; 111(9): 2155-2162.
  25. Rezaimanesh D, Amiri-Farsani P, Saidian S. The effect of a 4 week plyometric training period on lower body muscle EMG changes in futsal players. Procedia Social Behavior Sci 2011; 15: 3138-3142.
  26. Zahabi E, Mohamadjani M, Alirezaei- Noghondar F, Hashemi- Javaheri SA. [A follow-up Study on the Effect of Neuromuscular Training on Asymmetry of Balance in Athletes with Chronic Ankle Instability]. J Saf Promot Inj Prev 2017; 5(3): 140-147. [Persian]
  27. Kubo K, Morimoto M, Komuro T, Yata H, et al. Effects of plyometric and weight training on muscle-tendon complex and jump performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39(10): 1801-1810.
  28. Myer GD, Schmitt LC, Brent JL, Ford KR, et al. Utilization of modified NFL combine testing to identify functional deficits in athletes following ACL reconstruction. . The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 2011; 41(6): 377-387.
  29. Noyes FR, Barber SD, Mangine RE. Abnormal lower limb symmetry determined by function hop tests after anterior cruciate ligament rupture. . Am J Sports Med 1991; 19(5): 513-518.
  30. Ross MD, Lanford B, Whelan P. Test-retest reliability of 4 single-leg horizontal hop tests. Journal of Strength &Conditioning 2002; 16(4): 617-622.
  31. Eechaute C, Vaes P, Duquet W. The dynamic postural control is impaired in patients with chronic ankle instability reliability and validity of the multiple hop test. Clin J Sport Med 2009; 19(2): 107-114.
  32. Hewett TE, Stroupe AL, Nance TA, Noyes FR. Plyometric training in female athletes. Decreased impact forces and increased hamstring torques. . Am J Sports Med 1996; 24(9): 765-773.
  33. Cornu C, Almeida SI, Goubel F. Influence of plyometric training on the mechanical impedance of the human ankle joint. . Eur J Appl Physiol 1997; 76(3): 282-288.
  34. Karimizade Ardakani M, Alizade MH, Ebrahimi Takamjani E. The effect of 6-week hopping exercises program on joint position sense in athletes with functional ankle instability. J Res Rehabil Sci 2013; 9(3): 540-552. [Persian]
  35. Thomas K, French D, Hayes PR. The effect of two plyometric training techniques on muscular power and agility in youth soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2009; 23(1): 332-335.
  36. Lee AJ, Lin W-H. Twelve-week biomechanical ankle platform system training on postural stability and ankle proprioception in subjects with unilateral functional ankle instability. Clinical Biomechanics 2008; 23(8):1065-1072.
  37. Prentice WE, Kaminski TW. Rehabilitation techniques for sports medicine and athletic training.: New York McGraw Hill Publication.; 2004: 406-408.
  38. Hadadnezhad M. Compare the performance and plyometric exercises influence on some parameters of EMG in active females with trunk neuromuscular control deficit [Thesis]. Faculty of physical education and sport sciences: Univcity of Tehran; 2013.

Journal of Paramedical Sciences & Rehabilitation
Volume 8, Issue 3
October 2019
Pages 15-24

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics