A Comparison of the Effects of Three Strength Training Programs with and without Blood Flow Restriction on Strength, Hypertrophy and Mobility Function in Elderly Women

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sabzevari Hakim University, Sabzevar, Iran

Abstract

Purpose:
Considering the increased population of elderly people, performing research on potential interventions to reduce the function drop is of central importance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the effect of three strength training programs (with and without blood flow restriction and traditional), on strength, hypertrophy and mobility function in elderly women.
Methods:
33 elderly women (age ranged 60 -70 years) were selected and randomly divided into three groups: resistance training with blood flow restriction (n= 11), resistance training without blood flow restriction (n= 11) and traditional strength training (n= 11). Functional tests were taken before and after the 12-week training period.  One-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to determine difference between groups. The significance level was set at pResults:
There were no significant difference in hand grip strength (measured by hand grip dynamometer), lower body muscle strength (measured by leg extension machine), muscle hypertrophy (measured by anthropometric measures) and functional mobility (measured by TUG test) between groups.
Conclusion:
All three strength training programs i.e. resistance training with and without blood flow restriction and traditional resistance training have the same effect on muscle mass and strength, and functional mobility of elderly women. Therefore, resistance training with and without blood flow restriction with lower loads, which require less effort and possibly safer are recommended for elderly women.

Keywords

References

  1. Bondoc I, Cochrane SK, Church TS, Dahinden P, et al. Effects of a one-year physical activity program on serum c-terminal agrin fragment (caf) concentrations among mobility-limited older adults. J Nutr Health Aging 2015; 19(9): 922-927.
  2. Fry C, Rasmussen BB. Skeletal muscle protein balance and metabolism in the elderly Christopher. Curr Aging Sci 2011; 4(3): 260-268.   
  3. Leite JC, Forte R, Vito G, Boreham, et al. Comparison of the effect of multicomponent and resistance training programs on metabolic health parameters in the elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2015; 60(3): 412-427.
  4. Fragala MS, Kenny AM, Kuchel GA. Muscle quality in aging: a multi-dimensional approach to muscle functioning with applications for treatment. Sports Med 2015; 45(5): 641-658.
  5. Vechin FC, Libardi CA, Conceição MS, Damas FR, et al. Comparisons between low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction and high-intensity resistance training on quadriceps muscle mass and strength in elderly. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29(4): 1071-1076. 
  6. Van Roie E, Delecluse C, Coudyzer W. Strength training at high versus low external resistance in older adults: effects on muscle volume, muscle strength, and force-velocity characteristics. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48(11): 1351-1361.
  7. Borde R, Hortobágyi T, Granacher U. Dose-response relationships of resistance training in healthy old adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 2015; 45(12): 693-720.
  8. Morley JE, Argiles JM, Evans WJ, Bhasin S. et al. Nutritional Recommendations for the Management of Sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2010; 11(6): 391-396.
  9. Da Silva Alexandre T, de Oliveira Duarte YA, Ferreira S, et al. Sarcopenia according to the European working group on sarcopenia in older people (EWGSOP) versus Dynapenia as a risk factor for disability in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging 2014; 18(5):547-553.
  10. Gomes MJ, Martinez PF, Pagan LU, Damatto RL, et al. Skeletal muscle aging: influence of oxidative stress and physical exercise. Oncotarget 2017; 8(12): 20428-20440.
  11. Straight CR, Lindheimer J.B, Brady AO, Dishman, RK, Evans EM. Effects of resistance training on lower-extremity muscle power in middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sports Med 2016; 46(3): 353-364. 
  12. Van Roie E, Bautmans, I, Boonen S, Coudyzer W, Kennis E. Delecluse C. Impact of external resistance and maximal effort on force-velocity characteristics of the knee extensors during strengthening exercise: a randomized controlled experiment. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27(4): 1118-1127.
  13. Kraemer WJ, Adams K, A-Dudley G, Dooly C, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34(2): 364-380.
  14. Yasuda T, Fukumura K, Uchida Y, Koshi H, et al. Effects of low-load, elastic band resistance training combined with blood flow restriction on muscle size and arterial stiffness in older adults. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 70(8): 950-958.
  15. Yasuda T, Fukumura K, Tomaru T, Nakajima T. Thigh muscle size and vascular function after blood flowrestricted elastic band training in older women. Oncotarget 2016; 7(23): 595-607. 
  16. Takarada S, Okita K, Suga T, Omokawa M,. et al. Low-intensity exercise can increase muscle mass and strength proportionally to enhanced metabolic stress under ischemic conditions. J Appl Physiol 2012; 113(2): 199-205.
  17. Abe T, Loenneke J.P, Fahs C.A, Rossow L.M, et al. Exercise intensity and muscle hypertrophy in blood flow-restricted limbs and non-restricted muscles: a brief review. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2012; 32(4): 247-252. 
  18. Popov D.V, Lysenko E.A, Bachinin A.V, Miller T.F, et al. Influence of resistance exercise intensity and metabolic stress on anabolic signaling and expression of myogenic genes in skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 2014; 51(3): 434-442.
  19. Takarada Y, Ishii N, Effects of low intensity resistance exercise with short interest rest period on muscular function in middle-aged women. J Strength Cond Res 2002; 16: 123-128.
  20. Karabulut M, Abe T, Sato Y, Bemben MG. The effects of low-intensity resistance training with vascular restriction muscle strength in older men. J Appl Physiol 2010; 108: 147-155.
  21. Seo D, So WY, Sung DJ. Effect of a low-intensity resistance exercise program with blood flow restriction on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels in middle-aged women. J Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation 2016; 38(2): 167-177.
  22. Fahs CA, Loenneke JP, Thiebaud RS, Rossow LM, et al. Muscular adaptations to fatiguing exercise with and without blood flow restriction. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2015; 35(3): 167-176. 
  23. Shimizu R, Hotta K, Yamamoto S, Matsumoto T, et al. Low‑intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction improves vascular endothelial function and peripheral blood circulation in healthy elderly people. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116(4):749-757.
  24. Scott BR, Slattery KM, Sculley DV, Dascombe BJ. Hypoxia and resistance exercise: a comparison of localized and systemic methods. Sports Med 2014; 44(8): 1037-1054.
  25. Holviala JH, Sallinen JM, Kraemer WJ, Alen MJ, et al. Effects of strength training on muscle strength characteristics, functional capabilities, and balance in middle-aged andolder women. J Strength Cond Res 2006; 20(2): 336–344.
  26. Henwood TR, Taaffe DR. Improved physical performance in older adults undertaking short-term programme ofhigh-velocity resistance training. Gerontology 2005; 51(2): 108-115.
  27. Lohne-Seiler H, Torstveit MK, Anderssen SA. Traditional versus functional strength training: effects on muscle strength and power in the elderly. J Aging Phys Act 2013; 21(1): 51-70.
  28. Fatouros I, Kambas A, Katrabasas I, Nikolaidis K, et al. Strength training and detraining effects on muscular strength, anaerobic power, and mobility of inactive older men are intensity dependent. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39(10): 776-780.
  29. Nicholson VP, McKean MR, Burkett BJ. Low-load high-repetition resistance training improves strength and gait speed in middle-aged and older adults. J Sci Med Sport 2015; 18(5): 596-600.
  30. Hunter GR, McCarthy JP, Bamman MM. Effects of resistance training on older adults. Sports Med 2004; 34(5): 329-348.
  31. Fry CS. Glynn EL, Drummond MJ, Timmerman KL, Fujita S, Abe T, et al. Blood flow restriction exercise stimulates mTORC1 signaling and muscle protein synthesis in older men. J Appl Physiol 2010; 108(5): 1199-1209.
  32. Landi F, Calvani R, Lorenzi M, Martone AM, et al. Serum levels of C-terminal agrin fragment (CAF) are associated with sarcopenia in older multimorbid community-dwellers: Results from the ilSIRENTE study. Exp Gerontol 2016; 79: 31-36.
  33. Coetsee C, Terblanche E. The time course of changes induced by resistance training and detraining on muscular and physical function in older adults. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2015; 29: 12- 17. 
  34. Knapik J, Staab JS, Harman E.A. Validity of an anthropometric estimate of thigh muscle cross-sectional area. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28(12): 1523-1530. 
  35. Lowery RP, Loenneke JP, Souza EO, Machado M, et al. Practical blood flow restriction training increases muscle hypertrophy during a periodized resistance training programme. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2014; 34(4) 317-321.
  36. Wilson JM, Lowery RP, Joy JM, Loenneke  JP, et al. Practical blood flow restriction training increases acute determinants of hypertrophy without increasing indices of muscle damage. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27(11): 3068-3075.
  37. Takarada Y, Sato Y, Ishii N. Effects of resistance exercise combined with vascular occlusion on muscle function in athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2002; 86: 308–314.
  38. Pinto RS, Correa CS, Radaelli R, Cadore EL, et al. Short-term strength training improves muscle quality and functional capacity of elderly women. Age (Dordr) 2014; 36(1): 365-372.
  39. Correa CS, Teixeira BC, Bittencourt A, Lemos L, et al. Effects of high and low volume of strength training on muscle strength, muscle volume and lipid profile in postmenopausal women. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness 2014; 12(2): 1262-1267.
  40. Häkkinen K, Pakarinen A, Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen A, et al. Selective muscle hypertrophy, changes in EMG and force, and serum hormones during strength training in older women. J Appl Physiol 2001; 91(2): 569-580. 
  41. Kraemer WJ, Hakkinen K, Newton RU, Nindl BC, Volek JS, McCormick M, et al. Effects of heavy-resistance training on hormonal response patterns in younger vs. older men. J Appl Physiol 1999; 87(3): 982-992.
  42. Izquierdo M, Häkkinen K, Ibañez J, Garrues M, et al. Effects of strength training on muscle power and serum hormones in middle-aged and older men. J Appl Physiol 2001; 90(4): 1497-1507.
  43. Ogasawara R, Loenneke JP, Thiebaud RS, Abe T. Low-load bench press training to fatigue results in muscle hypertrophy similar to high-load bench press training. Int J Clin Med 2013; 4(2): 114-121.
  44. Mitchell WK, Williams J, Atherton P, Larvin M, et al. Sarcopenia, dynapenia, and the impact of advancing age on human skeletal muscle size and strength; a quantitative review. Front Physiol 2012; 11(3): 260-265.
Journal of Paramedical Sciences & Rehabilitation
Volume 8, Issue 4
February 2020
Pages 26-35

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics