Comparison of the Effect of Aerobic Exercise and Group Play Therapy on the ‎Coordination and Agility Skills in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity ‎Disorder

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of Sport Injuries and, Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Purpose:
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neuro-behavioral disorder in childhood. Children with ADHD have problems such as motor coordination and agility. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise and group play therapy on the coordination and agility skills in children with ADHD.
Methods:
The present study was semi-experimental. In this study, 26 children (4 girls and 22 boys) were recurited. Then they were randomly divided into two experimental and control group. The experimental group was divided into the aerobic exercise group (9 children, weight (kg) 24.2±12.3, age 7.9± 2.1 years old and height 126 ± 3 cm) and group play therapy group (9 children, weight (kg) 23.8±9.2, age 7.3 ± 1.9 years old and height 121± 2 cm). Each experimental group received 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session 45-60 minutes, aerobic exercises program and group play therapy. The control group (8 children, weight (kg) 25.4±6.4, age 8± 2 years old and height 127±3 cm) did not do any specific activity during this time. Upper limb coordination, bilateral limb coordination, and agility in all three groups were respectively assessed with Bruininks-Oseretsky Motor Skills Scale 5, Bruininks-Oseretsky Motor Skills Scale 3 and Zigzag Test at the beginning and end of the study. Analysis of variance with repeated measures at 5% error level was used for data analysis (p < 0.05).
Results:
The results showed that play therapy significantly increased the upper extremity coordination (p < 0.001) and bilateral coordination (p < 0.001) and agility (p < 0.001) in children. Aerobic training significantly increased upper extremity coordination (p < 0.001) and bilateral coordination (p < 0.001) and significantly reduced agility (p < 0.001). In addition, the children in the play therapy group had significantly higher upper extremity coordination and bilateral coordination and agility than the aerobic group (p < 0.001). In control group there was no change in upper extremity coordination (p=0.621) and agility (P=0.590) and bilateral coordination significantly reduced (p=0.002).
Conclusion:
Group play therapy had more significant effect than aerobics exercise program on improving these Upper limb coordination, bilateral limb coordination, and agility. Therefore the group play therapy should be suggested.

Keywords

References

  1. Wilence T.E, Timothoy E, BIiederman J, Brown S, et al. Patterns of psychopathology and dysfunction in clinically referred preschoolers. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2002; 23(1):31-36.
  2. Faraone SV, Biederman J , Mick E, Doyle AE, et al. A family study of psychiatric comorbidity in girls and boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological psychiatry 2001; 50(8): 586-592.
  3. Kessler RC, Adler L, Ames M, Barkley RA, et al. The prevalence and effects of adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder on work performance in a nationally representative sample of workers. J Occup Environ Med 2005; 47(6): 565-572.
  4. Kofler MJ, Rapport MD, Bolden J, Sarver DE, et al. Working memory deficits and social problems in children with ADHD. J Abnorm Child Psychol  2011; 39(6): 805-817.
  5. Hickey G, Fricker P. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, CNS stimulants and sport. Sports medicine (Auckland, NZ) 1999; 27(1): 11-21.
  6. Verret C, Gardiner P, Beliveau L. Fitness level and gross motor performance of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J APAQ  2010; 27(4): 337-351.
  7. Feng L, Cheng J, Wang YF. Motor coordination function of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (review)]. Beijing da xue xue bao Yi xue ban 2007; 39(3): 333-336.
  8. Fliers E, Rommelse N, Vermeulen SH, Altink M, et al. Motor coordination problems in children and adolescents with ADHD rated by parents and teachers: effects of age and gender. Journal of neural transmission 2008; 115(2): 211-220.
  9. Weiss M, Murray C. Assessment and management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. J CMAJ 2003; 168(6): 715-722.
  10. Epstein JN, Langberg JM, Rosen PJ, Graham A, et al. Evidence for higher reaction time variability for children with ADHD on a range of cognitive tasks including reward and event rate manipulations. Neuropsychology 2011;25(4):427-441.
  11. Case-Smith  J,  Pehoski  C. Development of Hand Skills in the Child. 1st Edition ed 2005. 318.
  12. Dopheide JA. The role of pharmacotherapy and managed care pharmacy interventions in the treatment of ADHD. AJMC 2009; 15(5): 141-150.
  13. Mehren A, Özyurt J, Lam A, Brandes M, et al. Acute Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Executive Function and Attention in Adult Patients With ADHD. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10: 132.
  14. Ghasemi GH, Salehi H, Heidari L. The effect of a rhythmic movement program on the perceptual-motor abilities of educable mentally retarded children JMLM 2012; 4(1); 75-92. [persian]
  15. Solaimani S. The effect of rhythmic plays on social skills of preschool children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci 2016; 18 (3): 91-95. [persian]
  16. Chaddock-Heyman L, Erickson KI, Holtrop JL, Voss MW, et al. Aerobic fitness is associated with greater white matter integrity in children. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8: 584.
  17. Brassell AA, Shoulberg EK, Pontifex MB, Smith AL, et al. Aerobic fitness and inhibition in young children: moderating roles of ADHD status and age. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol  2017; 46(5): 646-652.
  18. Ghorbani Ashin Y, Talebi GH, Jahandar B, Rabanizade M. The effectivness play therapy on reducting symptoms of ADHD. Toseye Amuzesh jondi SHapur 2016; 7: 48-53. [Persian]
  19. Janatian S, Noori A, Shefti S, Molavi H, Samavatian H, The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral play therapy on symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder / ADHD in 9-11 year old male students with ADHD. Behavioral Sciences Research 2008; 6 (2): 109-118. [Persian]
  20. Barzegary L, Zamini S. The Effect of play therapy on children with ADHD. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences  2011; 30: 2216-2218.
  21. Nedaii N, Abolmaali KH. The effect of play therapy on reducing aggression and increasing self-control in children with ADHD. Second National Congress of Child and Adolescent Psychology - Shahid Beheshti University - Tehran. 2015. [Persian]
  22. Bayat F, Behnam B. Comparison of the Effectiveness of Play Therapy and Storytelling on the Improvement of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Students. Qom Univ Med Sci J  2018; 12(8): 68-59.
  23. Gawrilow C, Stadler G, Langguth N, Naumann A, Boeck A. Physical Activity, Affect, and Cognition in Children With Symptoms of ADHD. J Atten Disord 2016; 20(2): 151-162.
  24. Lee S-K, Lee C-M, Park J-H. Effects of combined exercise on physical fitness and neurotransmitters in children with ADHD: a pilot randomized controlled study. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27(9): 2915-2919.
  25. Moheb N,Amiri SH, Behrush A. The effectiveness of structured short-term play therapy on symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in preschool children (6 years old). Journal of Education and Evaluation 2012; 6(22): 27-43. [Persian]
  26. Crisi Monday G. amuzesh aerobic dar 30 ruz. Translated by Kazemi F, Sadeghi s. shomal payedar; 2009.
  27. Bruininks RH. B. Bruininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency: Examiner's manual. American Guidance Service Circle Pines, MN. 1978.
  28. Penailillo L, Espildora F, Jannas-Vela S, Mujika I, Zbinden-Foncea H. Muscle Strength and Speed Performance in Youth Soccer Players. Journal of human kinetics 2016; 50: 203-10.
  29. Amozade F,  Shetabbushehry N, Mahdipoor A. The impact of preschool games on the development of movement skills of male students with ADHD / Attention Deficit Disorder. J Yafteh 2012; 15(1): 91-83.
  30. Khalaji H, Emad M. Effects on cognitive performance  program of selected activities – mobility in children four to six years. Journal of Movement and Exercise Science 2002; 1(1): 42-30. [Persian]
  31. Kosari S, Hemayattalab R, Arab Ameri A, Maleki F. The effect of selected physical activities on the development of fine motor skills in children with ADHD. Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology 2011; 4(11). 99-116 [Persian]
  32. Tabrizi GH. The effect of selected physical exercises on the development of gross motor skills in Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)children. The Master's thesis of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. part5 2010. [Persian]
  33. Dehghan F, Behnia F, Pishyare A, Safarkhani M. Effects of conceptual training-motor on behavioral disorders in children five to eight years, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of cog sci 2010; 47: 96-82. [Persian]
  34. Benzing V, Chang Y-K, Schmidt M. Acute physical activity enhances executive functions in children with ADHD. Sci Rep 2018; 8(1): 12382.
  35. Shimoni M, Engel-Yeger B, Tirosh E. Participation in leisure activities among boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Research in developmental disabilities 2010; 31(6): 1234-1239.
  36. Tuckman BW, Hinkle JS. An experimental study of the physical and psychological effects of aerobic exercise on schoolchildren. Health Psychology 1986; 5(3): 197-207.
  37. Majorek M, Tuchelmann T, Heusser P. Therapeutic Eurythmy-movement therapy for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a pilot study. Complementary therapies in nursing & midwifery 2004; 10(1): 46-53.
  38. Berwid OG, Halperin JM. Emerging support for a role of exercise in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder intervention planning. Current psychiatry reports 2012; 14(5): 543-551.
  39. Rassovsky Y, Alfassi T. Attention improves during physical exercise in individuals With ADHD. Front Psychol 2019; 9: 2747.
  40. Bené Field A GT. Aerobics enhances cardiovascular fitness and agility in preschoolers. Health Psychology 1990; 9(1): 48-56.
  41. João PV, Simões I, Alves L, Santos L, et al. Physical activity with agility motor development for children ages 6–10. Science & Sports 2014; 29: S48.
  42. Lin H-C, Wuang Y-P. Strength and agility training in adolescents with Down syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Research in developmental disabilities 2012; 33(6): 2236-2244.

Journal of Paramedical Sciences & Rehabilitation
Volume 9, Issue 3
November 2020
Pages 7-18

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics