تاثیر سرعت انقباض فعالیت برونگرا آسیب‌ زا بر اقتصاد دویدن دختران جوان تمرین‌کرده

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد سپیدان، فارس، ایران

2 استاد تمام گروه بیومکانیک ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران

3 استادیار گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران

4 استادیار گروه فیریوتراپی، دانشکده توانبخشی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شیراز، شیراز، ایران

چکیده

هدف:
استراتژی فعالسازی منحصر بفرد انقباضات برونگرا، عضله را مستعد آسیب می‌ سازد. تارهای نوع II جهت آسیب مستعدترند، لذا به نظر می‌ رسد سرعت انقباض در استرس مکانیکی و میزان آسیب اثرگذار باشد. هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی تاثیر سرعت انقباض فعالیت برونگرا  آسیب‌زا عضله اکستنسور زانوی پای غالب بر اقتصاد دویدن در دختران جوان تمرین‌کرده بود.
روش بررسی:
16 دختر جوان تمرین‌کرده به طور تصادفی در دو گروه فعالیت برونگرا با سرعت بالا (゚/s240) و پایین (゚/s60) قرار گرفتند. آسیب عضلانی در گروه سرعت بالا و پایین به ترتیب توسط 20 و 5 دوره 15 تکراری با شدت 150 درصد حداکثر گشتاور ایزومتریک در عضلات اکستنسوری زانوی پای غالب ایجاد گردید. شاخص های آسیب عضله (حداکثر گشتاور ایزومتریک، میزان درد، محیط ران) قبل، یک و 48 ساعت بعد و اقتصاد دویدن قبل و 48 ساعت پس از فعالیت برونگرا اندازه‌گیری شدند. تجزیه و تحلیل آماری با استفاده از نرم افزار  SPSS16و آزمون‌های آنالیز واریانس با اندازه‌گیری مکرر بین گروهی، t مستقل و من ویتنی انجام گردید.
یافته‌ها:
یک و 48 ساعت پس از آسیب تمامی شاخص های آسیب عضلانی به طور معنی‌ داری در هر دو گروه تغییر یافت (0/05>p) که نشان دهنده ایجاد آسیب عضلانی در هر دو گروه بود. تفاوت معنی‌داری بین شاخص های آسیب عضلانی ( به جز میزان درد) و اقتصاد دویدن در شدت ‌های مختلف دویدن بین دو گروه مشاهده نشد. 
نتیجه‌ گیری:
با مشابه بودن مدت تنشن، سرعت انقباض (تفاوت 4 برابری) فعالیت برونگرا آسیب‌زا عضله اکستنسور زانو، عامل تعیین‌کننده ‌ای در تغییرات اقتصاد دویدن دختران جوان تمرین‌کرده نمی‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


  1. Hedayatpour N, Falla D. Physiological and neural adaptations to eccentric exercise mechanisms and considerations for training. Biomed Res Int 2015; Article ID 193741.
  2. Goldspink G. Changes in muscle mass and phenotype and the expression of autocrine and systemic growth factors by muscle in response to stretch and overload. J Anat 1999; 194(Pt. 3): 323-34.
  3. Byrne C, Twist C, Eston R. Neuromuscular function after exercise-induced muscle damage: theoretical and applied implications. Sports Med 2004; 34(1): 49-69.
  4. Hedayatpour N, Falla D. Delayed onset of vastii muscle activity in response to rapid postural perturbations following eccentric exercise: a mechanism that underpins knee pain after eccentric exercise? Br J Sports Med 2014; 48(6): 429-34.
  5. Burt D, Lamb K, Nicholas C, Twist C. Effects of muscle-damaging exercise on physiological, metabolic, and perceptual responses during two modes of endurance exercise. J Exerc Sci Fit 2012; 10(2): 70-77.
  6. Lucia A, Esteve-Lanao J, Olivan J, Gomez-Gallego F, et al. Physiological characteristics of the best eritrean runners – exceptional running economy. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2006; 31(5): 530-40.
  7. Saunders PHU, Pyne DB, Telford RD, Hawley JA. Factors affecting running economy in trained distance runners. Sports Med 2004; 34(7): 465-85.
  8. Thomas DQ, Fernhall B, Granat H. Changes in running economy during a 5-km run in trainedmen and women runners. J Strength Cond Res 1999; 13(2): 162-7.
  9. Calbet JA, Chavarren J, Dorado D. Running economy and delayed onset of muscle soreness. J Sports Med Phys 2001; 41(1): 18-26.
  10. Anderson T. Biomechanics and running economy. Sports Med 1996; 22(2): 76- 89.
  11. Paavolainen L, Hakkinen K, Hamalainen I, Nummela A, et al. Explosive-strength training improves 5-km running time by improving running economy and muscle power, J Appl Physiol 1999; 86(5): 1527-33.
  12. Allen DG, Whitehead NP, Yeung EW. Mechanisms of stretchinduced muscle damage in normal and dystrophic muscle: role of ionic changes. J  Physiol 2005; 567(3): 723-35.
  13. Proske U, Allen TJ. Damage to skeletal muscle from eccentric exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2005; 33(2): 98-104.
  14. Warren GL, Ingalls CP, Lowe DA, Armstrong RB. Excitation-contraction uncoupling: major role in contraction-induced muscle injury. Exe Sport Sci Rev 2001; 29(2): 82-7.
  15. Gregory JE, Morgan DL, Allen TJ, Proske U. The shift in muscle's length–tension relation after exercise attributed to increased series compliance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007; 99(4): 431-41.
  16. Prasartwuth O, Taylor JL, Gandevia SC. Maximal force, voluntary activation and muscle soreness after eccentric damage to human elbow flexor muscles. J Physiol 2005; 15 (567): 337-48.
  17. Barker T, Henriksen VT, Martins TB, Kjeldsberg CR, et al. Fluctuations in the skeletal muscle power–velocity relationship and interferon-after a muscle-damaging event in humans. Extrem Physiol Med 2012; 1(1): 6.
  18. Power GA, Dalton BH, Rice CL, Vandervoort AA. Delayed recovery of velocity-dependent power loss following eccentric actions of the ankle dorsiflexors. J Appl Physiol 2010; 109(3): 669-76.
  19. Turner TS, Tucker KJ, Rogasch NC, Semmler JG. Impaired neuromuscular function during isometric, shortening, and lengthening contractions after exercise-induced damage to elbow flexor muscles. J Appl Physiol 2008; 105(2): 502-9.
  20. Semmler JG, Tucker KJ, Allen TJ, Proske U. Eccentric exercise increases EMG amplitude and force fluctuations during submaximal contractions of elbow flexor muscles. J Appl Physiol 2007; 103(3): 979-89.
  21. Plattner K, Baumeister J, Lamberts RP, Lambert MI. Dissociation in changes in EMG activation during maximal isometric and sub-maximal low force dynamic contractions after exercise-induced muscle damage. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2011; 21(3): 542-50.
  22. Satkunskienė D, Stasiulis A, Zaičenkovienė K, Sakalauskaitė R, et al. Effect of Muscle-Damaging Eccentric Exercise on Running Kinematics and Economy for Running at Different Intensities. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29(9): 2404-11.
  23. Vassilis P, Vassilios B, Vassilis M, Athanasios JZ, et al. Isokinetic eccentric exercise of quadriceps femoris does not affect running economy. J Strength Cond Res 2008; 22(4): 1222-7.
  24. Scott KE, Rozenek R, Russo AC, Crussemeyer JA, et al. Effects of delayed onset muscle soreness on selected physiological responses to sub-maximal running. J Strength Cond Res 2003; 17(4): 652-58.
  25. Marcora SM, Bosio A. Effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on endurance running performance in humans. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007; 17(6): 662-71.
  26. Paschalis V, Koutedakis Y, Baltzopoulos V, Mougios V, et al. The effects of muscle damage on running economy in healthy males. Int J Sports Med 2005; 26(10): 827-31.
  27. Burt D, Lamb K, Nicholas C, Twist C. Effects of repeated bouts of squatting exercise on sub-maximal endurance running performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113(2): 285-93.
  28. Burnett D, Smith K, Smeltzer C, Young K, et al. Perceived Muscle Soreness in Recreational Female runner. Int J Exe Sci 2010; 3(3): 108-16.
  29. Chen TC, Nosaka K, Lin MJ, Chen HL, et al. Changes in running economy at different intensities following downhill running. J Sports Sci 2009; 27(11): 1137-44.
  30. Chen TC, Nosaka K, Wu CC. Effects of a 30-min running performed daily after downhill running on recovery of muscle function and running economy. J Sci Med Sport 2008; 11(3): 271-9.
  31. Chen TC, Nosaka K, Tu JH. Changes in running economy following downhill running. J Sport Sci 2007; 25(1): 55-63.
  32. Braun WA, Dutto DJ. The effects of a single bout of downhill running and ensuing delayed onset of muscle soreness on running economy performed 48 h later. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003; 90(1): 29-34.
  33. Morgan DL, Allen DG. Early events in stretch-inducedmuscle damage. J Appl Physiol 1999; (87) 2007-15.
  34. Lieber RL, Friden J. Muscle damage is not a function of muscle force but active muscle strain. J Appl Physiol 1993; 74(2): 520-26.
  35. Felici F, Colace L, Sbriccoli P. Surface EMG modifications after eccentric exercise. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 1997; 7(3): 193-202.
  36. MacPherson PC, Schork MA, Faulkner JA. Contraction induced injury to single fiber segments from fast and slow muscles of rats by single stretches. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 1996; 271(5 Pt 1): C1438-46.
  37. Nosaka K, Newton M. Differences in the magnitude of damage between maximal and submaximal eccentric loading. J Strength Cond Res 2002; 16(2): 202-8.
  38. Nosaka K, Newton M, Sacco P. Delayed-onset muscles soreness does not reflect the magnitude of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2002; 12(6): 337-46.
  39. Chapman DW, Newton MJ, McGuigan MR, Nosaka K. Effect of slow-velocity lengthening contractions on muscle damage induced by fast-velocity lengthening contractions. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25(1): 211-9.
  40. Hedayatpour N, Falla D, Arendt-Nielsen, Farina D. Sensory and electromyographic mapping during delayed-onset muscle soreness. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40(2): 326-34.
  41. Wyse JP, Mercer TH, Gleeson NP. Time-of-day dependence of isokinetic leg strength and associated interday variability. Br J Sports Med 1994; 28(3): 167-70.
  42. Beltrami FG, Froyd Ch, Mauger AR, Metcalfe AJ, Marino F, Noakes TD. Conventional testing methods produce submaximal values of maximum oxygen consumption. Br J Sports Med 2012; 46(1): 23-9.
  43. Sundby OH, Gorelick ML. Relationship between functional hamstring: quadriceps ratios and running economy in highly trained and recreational female runners. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28(8): 2214-27.
  44. Ziogas GG, Patras KN, Stergiou N, Georgoulis AD. Velocity at lactate threshold and running economy must also be considered along with maximal oxygen uptake when testing elite soccer players during preseason. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25(2): 414-9.
  45. Harrison KP, Moran M, Hokanson JF, Hendrick JL. Effect of Menstrual Cycle on Perceived Exertion and Running Economy during Treadmill Running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 45(3): 342.
  46. Hanson, NJ, Berg K, Deka P, Meendering JR, et al. Oxygen cost of running barefoot vs. running shod. Int J Sports Med 2011; 32(6): 401-6.
  47. Di Michele R. Relationships between running economy and mechanics in middle-distance runners [Thesis].Alma Mater: Studiorum Univ. di Bologna; 2008.
  48. Trehearn TL, Buresh RJ. Sit-and-reach flexibility and running economy of men and women collegiate distance runners. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23(1): 158-62.
  49. Shaw AJ, Ingham SA, Atkinson G, Folland JP. The Correlation between Running Economy and Maximal Oxygen Uptake: Cross-Sectional and ongitudinal Relationships in Highly Trained Distance Runners, PLoS ONE 2015; 10(4): e0123101.
  50. Santos-Concejero J, Granados C, Irazusta J, Bidaurrazaga-Letona I, et al. Differences in ground contact time explain the less efficient running economy in north african runners. Biol Sport 2013; 30(3): 181-7.
  51.  Jones AM, Doust JH. A 1% treadmill grade most accurately reflects the energetic cost of running. J Sport Sci 1996; 14(4), 321-327.
  52. Torres R, Vasques J, Duarte JA, Cabri JM. Knee proprioception after exercise-induced muscle damage. Int J Sports Med 2010; 31(6):410-5.
  53. Twist C, Eston R. The effects of exercise-induced muscle damage on maximal intensity intermittent exercise performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005; 94(5-6): 652-8.
  54. Bijur PE, Silver W, Gallagher EJ. Reliability of the visual analog scale for measurement of acute pain. Acad Emerg Med 2001; 8(12): 1153-7.
  55. Hedayatpour N, Falla D, Arendt-Nielsen L, Farina D. Effect of delayed onset muscle soreness on muscle recovery after a fatiguing isometric contraction. Scand Med Sci Sports 2010; 20(1): 145-53.
  56. Goodall S, Howatson G.  The effects of multiple cold water immersions on indices of muscle damage. J  Sports Sci Med 2008; 7(2): 235-41.
  57. Chen TC, Lin KY, Chen HL, Lin MJ, et al.  Comparison in eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage among four limb muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111(2): 211-23.
  58. Hicks KM, Onambélé GL, Winwood K, Morse CI. Muscle damage following maximal eccentric knee extensions in males and females. PLoS ONE 2016; 11(3): e0150848.
  59. Hedayatpour N, Arendt-Nielsen L, Falla D. Facilitation of quadriceps activation is impaired following eccentric exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 24(2): 355-62.
  60. Rezaei M, Ebrahimi- Takamjani I, Jamshidi AA, Vas-saghi-Gharamaleki B, et al. Effect of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage on electromyographyic activity of quadriceps in untrained healthy females. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2014; 28(1): 154.
  61. Proske U, Morgan DL. Muscle damage from eccentric exercise: Mechanism, mechanical signs, adaptation and clinical applications. J Physiol 2001; 537 (Pt 2): 333–345.
  62. Hedayatpour N, Falla D, Arendt-Nielsen L, Vila-cha C, et al. Motor unit conduction velocity during sustained contraction after eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exer 2009; 41(10): 1927-33.
  63. Lund JP, Donga R, Widmer CG, Stohler CS. The pain-adaptation model: a discussion of the relationship between chronic musculoskeletal pain and motor activity. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1991; 69 (5): 683-94.
  64. Jamurtas AZ, Theocharis V, Tofas T, Tsiokanos A, et al. Comparison between leg and arm eccentric exercises of the same relative intensity on indices of muscle damage. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005; 95(2-3):179-85.
  65. Razeghi M, Nouri H. Comparison of the effects of massage and cryotherapy on the knee extensor muscles fatigue and isokinetic parameters in soccer players. JRSR 2015; 2(1): 1-7.
  66. Dutto DJ, Braun WA. DOMS-associated changes in ankle and knee joint dynamics during running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36:560-66.
  67. Hight RE, Beck TW, Bemben DA, Black CD. Adaptations in antagonist co-activation: Role in the repeated-bout effect. PLoS One 2017; 12(12): e0189323.
  68. Kraus WE, Torgan CE, Taylor DA. Skeletal muscle adaptation to chronic low-frequency motor nerve stimulation. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1994; 22(1): 313-60.
  69. Hedayatpour N, Falla D. Non-uniform muscle adaptations to eccentric exercise and the implications for training and sport. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2012; 22(3): 329-33.
  70. Ahmadi S, Sinclair PJ, Foroughi N, Davis GM. Monitoring muscle oxygenation after eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage using near-infrared spectroscopy. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008; 33(4): 743-52.