هدینگ فوتبال: مروری بر مستندات موجود در زمینه شیوع، مکانیسم ها و نشانگرهای بیوشیمیایی مرتبط با ‏آسیب سر

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری آسیب شناسی ورزشی و حرکات اصلاحی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر، کرمان، ‏ایران

2 مربی گروه تربیت بدنی، واحد بندر لنگه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی بندرلنگه، هرمزگان، ایران

3 استادیار گروه آسیب شناسی ورزشی و حرکات اصلاحی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر، کرمان، ایران

4 استاد گروه آسیب شناسی ورزشی و حرکات اصلاحی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران

5 استادیار گروه نورولوژی، بیمارستان شهید محمدی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی هرمزگان، هرمزگان، ایران

6 استادیار گروه رادیولوژی، بیمارستان شهید محمدی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی هرمزگان، هرمزگان، ایران

چکیده

هدف:
فوتبال خطر ذاتی آسیب ‌های سر را به همراه دارد و در مهارت ”هدینگ“ بی‌نظیر است. هدینگ می ‌تواند نشانگر‌های معرف آسیب‌ های مغزی را فعال کند. مطالعه حاضر یک بررسی جامع از تحقیقات انجام شده در زمینه شیوع آسیب ‌های سر و اثر پذیری نشانگر‌های بیوشیمیایی از مهارت هدینگ است.
روش بررسی:
جستجو برای کلید واژه‌ های تحقیق در مقالات منتشر شده در پایگاه‌ های علمی بین سال ‌های 2000 تا 2021 انجام شد. کلید واژه‌ های تحقیق شامل ”آسیب‌سر“، ”آسیب مغز“، ”شیوع“ و ”فوتبال“ بود. مقالات حاوی گزارشات درباره هدینگ، نشانگرهای زیستی بیانگر آسیب ‌های مغزی، میزان بروز و مکانیسم ‌های آسیب ‌سر انتخاب و مطالعات غیرانگلیسی و غیرفارسی، مطالعات حاوی داده‌ هایی درباره آسیب ‌های غیرفوتبالی و یا خلاصه مقالات کنفرانس از مطالعه خارج شدند. 243 مقاله مرتبط با موضوع بررسی و از این بین 45 مقاله دارای معیارهای ورود به مطالعه حاضر بودند.
یافته ها:
شیوع آسیب‌ های سر در لیگ‌ های حرفه ای متغیر است (دامنه تغییر 0/3% تا 16/8%، 0/12 تا 1 در هر 1000 ساعت) و در مقایسه با گزارشات لیگ ‌های نیمه‌ حرفه‌ای کمتر است (3/0 % در مقابل 22%). مکانیسم هدینگ جزو مکانیسم‌ های شایع آسیب‌ های سر در لیگ‌ های برتر نیست. معمول‌ ترین نشانگرهایی که جهت بررسی آسیب ‌های مغز استفاده شده ‌اند نشانگر پروتئین اتصال دهنده کلسیم (S100β) (8 مطالعه) و پروتئین زنجیره سبک رشته‌های عصبی (NF-L) (6 مطالعه) است. همچنین نشانگر‌های پروتئین تائو  (Tau) در ایزوفرم‌ های فسفری و کل (3 مطالعه)، آنولاز خاص نورونی (NSE) (2 مطالعه)، آلبومین (1 مطالعه) و عوامل رشد مغزی (1 مطالعه) نیز با هدف بررسی تأثیرپذیری از اجرای مهارت هدینگ استفاده شده اند. در مجموع، 9 مطالعه تغییر در سطوح و 11 مطالعه عدم تغییر در سطوح نشانگر‌ها در پی اجرای هدینگ در سنین مختلف، هم در زنان هم مردان را گزارش داده ‌اند.
نتیجه گیری:
قرار گرفتن در معرض ضربه ‌های مکرر و در عین حال با سرعت زیاد در قالب مهارت هدینگ فوتبال ممکن است منجر به آسیب مغزی شود که می ‌تواند با استفاده از روش ‌های ارزیابی نشانگر‌های بیوشیمیایی تشخیص داده شود. نتایج حاصل از مطالعه حاضر نشان می‌دهد که نباید از هدینگ در فوتبال به عنوان مکانیسم بالقوه آسیب مغزی غافل شد. البته برای روشن شدن احتمال چنین رابطه ای، تحقیقات بیشتری لازم است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

مراجع

  1. FIFA. Activity report 2018. [Internet]. https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/yjibhdqzfwwz5onqszo0.pdf.
  2. Chrisman SP, Mac Donald CL, Friedman S, Andre J, et al. Head impact exposure during a weekend youth soccer tournament. JCN 2016; 31 (8): 971-978.
  3. Press JN, Rowson S. Quantifying head impact exposure in collegiate women's soccer. Clin J Sport Med 2017; 27 (2): 104-110.
  4. Comstock RD, Currie DW, Pierpoint LA, Grubenhoff JA, et al. An evidence-based discussion of heading the ball and concussions in high school soccer. JAMA pediatrics 2015; 169 (9): 830-837.
  5. Kerr ZY, Campbell KR, Fraser MA, Currie DW, et al. Head Impact Locations in US High School Boys' and Girls' Soccer Concussions, 2012/13–2015/16. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36 (13): 2073-2082.
  6. Meyer T, Reinsberger C. Do head injuries and headers in football lead to future brain damage? A discussion lacking appropriate scientific diligence. Sci Med in Football 2018. 2:1, 1-2.
  7. Lipton ML, Kim N, Zimmerman ME, Kim M, et al. Soccer heading is associated with white matter microstructural and cognitive abnormalities. Radiology 2013 Sep; 268 (3): 850-857.
  8. Adams J, Adler CM, Jarvis K, DelBello MP, et al. Evidence of anterior temporal atrophy in college-level soccer players. Clin J Sport Med 2007; 17 (4): 304-306.
  9. Harriss, A. Cumulative purposeful soccer heading can lead to compensatory changes in brain activity during combined moderate exercise and cognitive load in female youth soccer players. [Thesis]. Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 2020. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/7262.
  10. Koerte IK, Mayinger M, Muehlmann M, Kaufmann D, et al. Cortical thinning in former professional soccer players. Brain imaging and behavior 2016; 10 (3):792-798.
  11. Zimmerman M, Lipton R, Stewart W, Gulko E, et al. Making soccer safer for the brain: DTI-defined exposure thresholds for white matter injury due to soccer heading. InRadiological Society of North America 2011 Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting 2011.
  12. Sönnerqvist C, Brus O, Olivecrona M. Validation of the Scandinavian guidelines for initial management of minor and moderate head trauma in children. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2021; 47(4): 1163-1173.
  13. Bazarian JJ, Biberthaler P, Welch RD, Lewis LM, et al. Serum GFAP and UCH-L1 for prediction of absence of intracranial injuries on head CT (ALERT-TBI): a multicentre observational study. The Lancet Neurology 2018; 17 (9): 782-789.
  14. Kawata K, Liu CY, Merkel SF, Ramirez SH, et al. Blood biomarkers for brain injury: What are we measuring? Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016; 68: 460-473.
  15. Bramley H, Patrick K, Lehman E, Silvis M. High school soccer players with concussion education are more likely to notify their coach of a suspected concussion. Clin Ped 2012; 51 (4): 332-336.
  16. Shenouda C, Hendrickson P, Davenport K, Barber J, et al. The effects of concussion legislation one year later—what have we learned: a descriptive pilot survey of youth soccer player associates. PM&R 2012; 4(6): 427-435.
  17. Covassin T, Elbin RJ, Sarmiento K. Educating coaches about concussion in sports: evaluation of the CDC's “Heads Up: Concussion in Youth Sports” initiative. J sch Health 2012; 82(5): 233-238.
  18. Iverson GL, Lovell MR, Collins MW. Interpreting change on ImPACT following sport concussion. The Clin Neuropsychologist 2003; 17(4): 460-467.
  19. Jinguji TM, Bompadre V, Harmon KG, Satchell EK, et al. Sport Concussion Assessment Tool–2: Baseline values for high school athletes. Br J Sport Med 2012; 46(5): 365-370.
  20. McCrory P, Meeuwisse WH, Aubry M, Cantu RC, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport—the 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2012  PM&R 2013; 5(4): 255-279.
  21. Harmon KG, Clugston JR, Dec K, Hainline B, et al. American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement on concussion in sport. Br J Sport Med 2019; 53(4): 213-225.
  22. Maher ME, Hutchison M, Cusimano M, Comper P, et al. Concussions and heading in soccer: a review of the evidence of incidence, mechanisms, biomarkers and neurocognitive outcomes. Brain injury 2014; 28(3): 271-285.
  23. Asar Sh, Jalalpour Sh, Ayoubi F, Rahmani MR, et al. PRISMA; Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2016; 15(1): 63-80. [Persian]
  24. Bambaeichi E, Rahnama N, Naderian Jahromi M, Ebrahimi Karami E. The relationship Between Player Position and Injury in Soccer. Harakat 2008; 35: 89-98. [Persian]
  25. Zareei, M, Rahnama N, Rajabi R. Video Analysis of Injuries in Iran Premier League Soccer Players. Harakat 2009; 38: 161-179. [Persian]
  26. Naidoo MA. The epidemiology of soccer injuries sustained in a season of a professional soccer team in South Africa. [Thesis]. Doctoral dissertation, Uni Western Cape, South Africa 2007.
  27. Le Gall F, Carling C, Reilly T. Injuries in young elite female soccer players: an 8-season prospective study. Am J Sport Med 2008; 36 (2): 276-284.
  28. Hartmut G, Becker A, Walther M, Hess H. Injuries in women's soccer: a 1-year all players prospective field study of the women's Bundesliga (German premier league). Clin J Sport Med 2010; 20 (4): 264-271.
  29. Hassabi M, Mortazavi SM, Giti MR, Hassabi M, et al. Injury profile of a professional soccer team in the premier league of Iran. Asian J Sports Med 2010; 1(4): 201-208.
  30. Fachina RJ, dos Santos Andrade M, Silva FR, Waszczuk-Junior S, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of injuries in a Brazilian premier league soccer team. OAJSM 2013; 4: 171-174.
  31. Lee JW, Mok KM, Chan HC, Yung PS, et al. A prospective epidemiological study of injury incidence and injury patterns in a Hong Kong male professional football league during the competitive season. AP-SMART 2014; 1 (4): 119-125.
  32. Stubbe JH, van Beijsterveldt AM, van der Knaap S, Stege J, et al. Injuries in professional male soccer players in the Netherlands: a prospective cohort study. JAT 2015; 50 (2): 211-216.
  33. Falese L, Della Valle P, Federico B. Epidemiology of football (soccer) injuries in the 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 seasons of the Italian Serie A. Res in Sports Med 2016; 24 (4): 426-432.
  34. Jones A, Jones G, Greig N, Bower P, et al. Epidemiology of injury in English professional football players: a cohort study. Phys Ther in sport. 2019; 35: 18-22.
  35. Larruskain J, Lekue JA, Diaz N, Odriozola A, et al. A comparison of injuries in elite male and female football players: A five‐season prospective study. SJMSS 2018; 28 (1): 237-245.
  36. Del Coso J, Herrero H, Salinero JJ. Injuries in Spanish female soccer players. JSHS 2018; 7(2): 183-190.
  37. Lu D, McCall A, Jones M, Kovalchik S, et al. Injury epidemiology in Australian male professional soccer. JSAMS 2020; 23(6): 574-579.
  38. Cezarino LG, Grüninger BL, Scattone Silva R. Injury profile in a Brazilian first-division youth soccer team: a prospective study. JAT 2020; 55(3): 295-302.
  39. Agustín MS, Medina-Mirapeix F, Esteban-Catalán A, Escriche-Escuder A, et al. Epidemiology of Injuries in First Division Spanish Women’s Soccer Players. IJERPH 2021; 18 (6): 3009.
  40. Niedfeldt MW. Head injuries, heading, and the use of headgear in soccer. CSMR 2011; 10 (6): 324-329.
  41. Fuller CW, Junge A, Dvorak J. A six year prospective study of the incidence and causes of head and neck injuries in international football. Br J Sport Med 2005; 39 (1): i3-i9.
  42. Beaudouin F, Aus der Fünten K, Tröß T, Reinsberger C, et al. Match Situations Leading to Head Injuries in Professional Male Football (Soccer) A Video-Based Analysis Over 12 Years. Clin J Sport Med 2020; 30: S47-S52.
  43. Masouleh SR, Mohtasham-Amiri Z, Monfared A, Yousefzadeh Ch, et al. Prevalence of Sport Injuries and Associated Factors in one of the Educational Centers of Rasht. J Saf Promot Inj Prev 2017; 5(3): 132 - 139.
  44. Zutrauen S, McFaull S, Do MT. Soccer-related head injuries—analysis of sentinel surveillance data collected by the electronic Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program. Paediatrics & Child Health 2020; 25 (6): 378-384.
  45. Marar M, McIlvain NM, Fields SK, Comstock RD. Epidemiology of concussions among United States high school athletes in 20 sports. AJSM 2012; 40 (4): 747-755.
  46. Yard EE, Schroeder MJ, Fields SK, Collins CL, et al. The epidemiology of United States high school soccer injuries, 2005–2007. AJSM 2008; 36(10): 1930-1937.
  47. O’Kane JW, Spieker A, Levy MR, Neradilek M, et al. Concussion among female middle-school soccer players. JAMA pediatrics 2014; 168(3): 258-264.
  48. Maghami M, ZoulAKTAF V, Kargarfard M. Determination of vulnerable organs and their caused mechanisms in soccer. Olympic 2006; 14 (3, 35): 7-13. [Persian]
  49. Aghabeigi F, Rajabi R, Esmaeili M. Determination of vulnerable organs and their caused mechanisms in word cup. Sport Sci Quar 2012; 4(10): 23-36. [Persian]
  50. Nilsson M, Hägglund M, Ekstrand J, Waldén M. Head and neck injuries in professional soccer. Clin J Sport Med 2013; 23 (4): 255-260.
  51. Herrero H, Salinero JJ, Del Coso J. Injuries among Spanish male amateur soccer players: a retrospective population study. Am J Sport Med 2014; 42 (1): 78-85.
  52. Delaney JS, Al-Kashmiri A, Correa JA. Mechanisms of injury for concussions in university football, ice hockey, and soccer. Clin J Sport Med 2014; 24 (3): 233-237.
  53. Zuckerman SL, Totten DJ, Rubel KE, Kuhn AW, et al. Mechanisms of injury as a diagnostic predictor of sport-related concussion severity in football, basketball, and soccer: results from a regional concussion registry. Neurosurgery 2016; 63 (CN_suppl_1): 102-112.
  54. Khodaee M, Currie DW, Asif IM, Comstock RD. Nine-year study of US high school soccer injuries: data from a national sports injury surveillance programme. Br J Sport Med 2017; 51(3): 185-193.
  55. Kontos AP, Covassin T, Elbin RJ, Parker T. Depression and neurocognitive performance after concussion among male and female high school and collegiate athletes. Arch phys med rehabil 2012; 93 (10): 1751-1756.
  56. Reynolds BB, Patrie J, Henry EJ, Goodkin HP, et al. Effects of sex and event type on head impact in collegiate soccer. Orth J Sport Med 2017; 5 (4):  2325967117701708.
  57. Cheng J, Ammerman B, Santiago K, Jivanelli B, et al. Sex-based differences in the incidence of sports-related concussion: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Health 2019; 11 (6): 486-491.
  58. Saunders TD, Le RK, Breedlove KM, Bradney DA, et al. Sex differences in mechanisms of head impacts in collegiate soccer athletes. Clin Biomech 2020; 74: 14-20.
  59. Otto M, Holthusen S, Bahn E, Söhnchen N, et al. Boxing and running lead to a rise in serum levels of S-100B protein. Int J Sports Med 2000; 21(8): 551-555.
  60. Mussack T, Dvorak J, Graf-Baumann T, Jochum M. Serum S-100B protein levels in young amateur soccer players after controlled heading and normal exercise. Eur J Med Res 2003; 8(10): 457-464.
  61. Stålnacke BM, Tegner Y, Sojka P. Playing soccer increases serum concentrations of the biochemical markers of brain damage S-100B and neuron-specific enolase in elite players: a pilot study. Brain Injury 2004; 18(9): 899-909.
  62. Stålnacke BM, Ohlsson A, Tegner Y, Sojka P. Serum concentrations of two biochemical markers of brain tissue damage S-100B and neurone specific enolase are increased in elite female soccer players after a competitive game. BJSM 2006; 40(4): 313-316.
  63. Zetterberg H, Jonsson M, Rasulzada A, Popa C, et al. No neurochemical evidence for brain injury caused by heading in soccer. Br J Sport Med 2007; 41 (9): 574-577.
  64. Stålnacke BM, Sojka P. Repeatedly heading a soccer ball does not increase serum levels of S-100B, a biochemical marker of brain tissue damage: an experimental study. Biomarker Insights 2008; 3.
  65. Bamaç BE, Tamer GS, Colak TU, Çolak EN, et al. Effects of repeatedly heading a soccer ball on serum levels of two neurotrophic factors of brain tissue, BDNF and NGF, in professional soccer players. Biology of Sport 2011; 28 (3): 177.
  66. Dorminy M, Hoogeveen A, Tierney RT, Higgins M, et al. Effect of soccer heading ball speed on S100B, sideline concussion assessments and head impact kinematics. Brain injury 2015; 29 (10): 1158-1164.
  67. Wallace C, Smirl JD, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, et al. heading in soccer increases serum neurofilament light protein and SCAT3 symptom metrics. BMJ open sport & exercise medicine 2018; 4(1): e000433.
  68. Wirsching A, Chen Z, Bevilacqua ZW, Huibregtse ME, et al Association of acute increase in plasma neurofilament light with repetitive subconcussive head impacts: a pilot randomized control trial. Journal of neurotrauma 2019; 36 (4): 548-553.
  69. Huibregtse ME, Nowak MK, Kim JE, Kalbfell RM, et al. Does acute soccer heading cause an increase in plasma S100B? A randomized controlled trial. PloS one 2020; 15(10): e0239507.
  70. Sandmo SB, Filipcik P, Cente M, Hanes J, et al. Neurofilament light and tau in serum after head-impact exposure in soccer. Brain injury 2020; 34 (5): 602-609.
  71. Austin K, Lee BJ, Flood TR, Toombs J, et al. Serum neurofilament light concentration does not increase following exposure to low velocity football heading. Sci and Med in Football 2020 2021; 5(3): 188-194.
  72. Antonio J, Cabrera D, Knafo S, Thomas J, et al. Neurofilament Light (NFL) in Division II Female Soccer Players: A Potential Biomarker for Brain Trauma. J Exe Phys Onl 2021; 24(1): 1-6.
  73. Spiotta AM, Bartsch AJ, Benzel EC. Heading in soccer: dangerous play? Neurosurgery 2012; 70(1): 1-11.
  74. Smirl JD, Peacock D, Wright AD, Bouliane KJ, et al. An acute bout of soccer heading subtly alters neurovascular coupling metrics. Front Neurol 2020; 11: 738
  75. Shahim P, Gren M, Liman V, Andreasson U, et al. Serum neurofilament light protein predicts clinical outcome in traumatic brain injury. Scientific reports 2016; 6(1): 1-9.
  76. Kawata K, Tierney R, Phillips J, Jeka JJ. Effect of repetitive sub-concussive head impacts on ocular near point of convergence. Int J Sports Med 2016; 37(05): 405-410.
  77. Guskiewicz KM, McCrea M, Marshall SW, Cantu RC, et al. Cumulative effects associated with recurrent concussion in collegiate football players: the NCAA Concussion Study. JAMA 2003; 290(19): 2549-2555.
  78. Laurer HL, Bareyre FM, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ, et al. Mild head injury increasing the brain's vulnerability to a second concussive impact. J Neurosurgery 2001; 95(5): 859-870.
  79. McCrory P, Davis G, Makdissi M. Second impact syndrome or cerebral swelling after sporting head injury. Cur Sports Med Rep 2012; 11(1): 21-23.
  80. Delaney JS, Lacroix VJ, Leclerc S, Johnston KM. Concussions among university football and soccer players. Clin J Sport Med 2002; 12(6): 331-338.
فصلنامه علمی- پژوهشی علوم پیراپزشکی وتوانبخشی
دوره 11، شماره 3
آذر 1401
صفحه 108-124

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار